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Translation quality, examined.

Measure translation quality.

Find the best LLM for translation in your languages using the latest benchmarks. Audit translations against your own quality scorecard.

Talk to sales

Backed by Y Combinator

Trusted by international teams managing content at scale.

  • Mistral AI
  • Solana
  • Cal.com
  • SoSafe
  • Laurel
  • Scribe
  • Papermark
  • Truely
  • freenet
  • Maze
  • Formbricks
  • Opus
  • Tulip
  • ImagenAI

01 / LOOK CLOSELY

Measure translation quality

Audit human and LLM translations against your quality scorecard. Track quality by language and translation provider.

01

Find changes in meaning.

Check for omitted information, added claims, and wording that changes the source meaning.

FIG. Q01
ABCDE
  • SOURCEThe original passage
  • TRANSLATIONThe same passage,translated
  • CHANGED MEANINGWording shifts the claim
  • OMITTED INFORMATIONThe translation drops a detail
  • ADDED CLAIMThe source never says this
  • A
    SOURCEThe original passage
  • B
    TRANSLATIONThe same passage,translated
  • C
    CHANGED MEANINGWording shifts the claim
  • D
    OMITTED INFORMATIONThe translation drops a detail
  • E
    ADDED CLAIMThe source never says this
Exploded drawing of a source passage above its translation. One red projection line runs for each finding. One source clause has no counterpart: its line ends at an empty slot in the translation. One translated clause has changed wording. One translated claim rises to an empty slot in the source, because nothing there matches it.

02

Install Lingo.dev in the tools you already use.

Connect your TMS, CMS, GitHub, and more. Continuously audit translations against your quality scorecard.

FIG. Q02
ABTMSCMSGitHub
  • TMS
  • CMS
  • GitHub
  • YOUR QUALITY SCORECARDAudits every connected tool
  • YOUR EXISTING TOOLSTMS, CMS, GitHub, and more
  • A
    YOUR QUALITY SCORECARDAudits every connected tool
  • B
    YOUR EXISTING TOOLSTMS, CMS, GitHub, and more
Your existing tools, a TMS, a CMS and GitHub, stand on one base with room for more. Your quality scorecard sits above them, connected down to each tool, so every connected tool is audited against the same criteria.

03

Inspect the passages behind quality flags.

See the source, translation, quality criterion, and reason for each finding.

FIG. Q03
ABCDE
  • REASONWhy the audit flagged it
  • QUALITY CRITERIONThe rule from your scorecard
  • TRANSLATIONThe flagged wording
  • SOURCEThe original wording
  • ONE QUALITY FLAG
  • A
    REASONWhy the audit flagged it
  • B
    QUALITY CRITERIONThe rule from your scorecard
  • C
    TRANSLATIONThe flagged wording
  • D
    SOURCEThe original wording
  • E
    ONE QUALITY FLAG
One quality flag pins through four layers: the source passage, the translation with the flagged wording, the quality criterion from your scorecard, and the reason the audit flagged it.

04

Compare audit findings with your team’s reviews.

Examine findings your reviewers disagree with and issues they reported that the audit did not flag.

FIG. Q04
ABCD
  • AUDIT FINDINGSAgainst your scorecard
  • YOUR TEAM'S REVIEWThe same passage
  • YOUR REVIEWERS DISAGREE
  • Flagged by the audit only
  • NOT FLAGGED BY THE AUDITYour reviewers report it
  • A
    AUDIT FINDINGSAgainst your scorecard
  • B
    YOUR TEAM'S REVIEWThe same passage
  • C
    YOUR REVIEWERS DISAGREEFlagged by the audit only
  • D
    NOT FLAGGED BY THE AUDITYour reviewers report it
The same passage appears twice: once with the audit's findings and once with your team's review marks. A finding both agree on is tied across. One finding only the audit flagged shows where reviewers disagree, and one issue only the reviewers reported shows what the audit did not flag.

05

Review the most serious findings first.

Separate critical errors from minor issues using your scorecard's severity rules.

FIG. Q05
ABC
  • MINOR · REVIEW NEXT
  • These findings stay visible
  • CRITICAL · REVIEW FIRSTYour rules place these first
  • YOUR SEVERITY RULESCritical before minor
  • A
    MINOR · REVIEW NEXTThese findings stay visible
  • B
    CRITICAL · REVIEW FIRSTYour rules place these first
  • C
    YOUR SEVERITY RULESCritical before minor
Your severity rules sit above two trays of findings. The critical tray stands in front and holds two findings to review first. The minor tray behind it holds more findings, which stay visible for review next.

06

Check your product terminology.

Find glossary terms and product names that differ from your approved wording.

FIG. Q06
ABC
  • YOUR GLOSSARYYour team approves each term
  • APPROVED WORDINGThis use matches the glossary
  • A DIFFERENT TERMThe translation uses another word
  • A
    YOUR GLOSSARYYour team approves each term
  • B
    APPROVED WORDINGThis use matches the glossary
  • C
    A DIFFERENT TERMThe translation uses another word
A glossary card with a term and its approved wording floats above a translated passage. Dashed lines tie every use of the term in the passage back to the glossary. Two uses match; one use differs and is marked.

07

Check translations against your brand voice.

Identify wording that conflicts with your tone and writing rules.

FIG. Q07
AB
  • YOUR TONE AND WRITING RULESYour team writes them once
  • CONFLICTING WORDINGThis phrase breaks one rule
  • A
    YOUR TONE AND WRITING RULESYour team writes them once
  • B
    CONFLICTING WORDINGThis phrase breaks one rule
Your tone and writing rules sit as an open frame above a translated passage. One phrase in the passage conflicts with one rule, and a red line ties the phrase to that rule.

08

Check consistency across related content.

Find conflicting terminology and names within a document or collection of content.

FIG. Q08
ABC
  • ONE COLLECTIONRelated documents
  • THE SAME NAMEEach document should use it
  • A CONFLICTING NAMEOne document uses another
  • A
    ONE COLLECTIONRelated documents
  • B
    THE SAME NAMEEach document should use it
  • C
    A CONFLICTING NAMEOne document uses another
Four related documents from one collection stand in a row. The same product name appears in each, and a dashed thread ties the names together. In one document the name differs, and the thread turns red there.

09

Apply different scorecards to different content.

Assess product interfaces, marketing, and support against the requirements for each content type.

FIG. Q09
ABCD
  • PRODUCT INTERFACES
  • MARKETING
  • SUPPORT
  • A SCORECARD PER CONTENT TYPEEach holds its own requirements
  • A
    PRODUCT INTERFACES
  • B
    MARKETING
  • C
    SUPPORT
  • D
    A SCORECARD PER CONTENT TYPEEach holds its own requirements
Three content types stand side by side: product interfaces, marketing, and support. Each has its own page shape and its own scorecard above it, with a different set of criteria.

10

Recheck translations after edits.

Compare findings for revised text with the previous assessment.

FIG. Q10
ABC
  • YOUR TEAM'S EDITThe revised text gets a new assessment
  • PREVIOUS ASSESSMENTIt stays on record
  • NEW ASSESSMENTCompare both assessments
  • A
    YOUR TEAM'S EDITThe revised text gets a new assessment
  • B
    PREVIOUS ASSESSMENTIt stays on record
  • C
    NEW ASSESSMENTCompare both assessments
The previous passage keeps its assessment, which marked one phrase. Your team's edit leads to the revised passage, and a new assessment sits above it for comparison. The earlier assessment stays.

EXISTING CONTENT

Lingo.dev reads translations where your teams keep them.

01 / Code repositories

The strings your developers ship.

Examine translated strings in each commit and pull request before a release reaches your users.

FIG. T01
ABC
  • LOCALE FILESSource and translations
  • COMMITSEach change, in order
  • PULL REQUESTSChecked before merge
  • A
    LOCALE FILESSource and translations
  • B
    COMMITSEach change, in order
  • C
    PULL REQUESTSChecked before merge
A short commit history runs along one line. A pull request branches off, adds one commit and merges back. That commit is lifted open to show its locale files: a green source file above two translated files. One string in a translated file is marked red as a finding.

02 / Content management systems

The pages your teams maintain.

Keep source content and translations connected to the requirements for that content.

FIG. T02
ABC
  • PRODUCT PAGESLinked field by field
  • SUPPORT ARTICLESA second entry type
  • SHARED CONTENTReused by both
  • A
    PRODUCT PAGESLinked field by field
  • B
    SUPPORT ARTICLESA second entry type
  • C
    SHARED CONTENTReused by both
Content entries stand as upright cards, one column per language. A product page entry in its source language, tinted green, links field by field to two translated entries with green dashed lines. One field in a translated entry is marked red as a finding. Support article entries stand in front as a second entry type. A shared content block beside them feeds both source entries.

03 / Email platforms

The messages your customers read.

Examine translated campaigns, transactional messages and lifecycle sequences against the same quality criteria as the rest of your content.

FIG. T03
ABC
  • CAMPAIGNSVariants per language
  • TRANSACTIONAL EMAILReceipts and alerts
  • LIFECYCLE SEQUENCESMessages sent in order
  • A
    CAMPAIGNSVariants per language
  • B
    TRANSACTIONAL EMAILReceipts and alerts
  • C
    LIFECYCLE SEQUENCESMessages sent in order
A campaign email template lies in front of two localized variants. Each variant shows its subject line along the back edge, and one variant's subject line is marked red as a finding. Beside the template sit a transactional email with receipt rows and a lifecycle sequence of three small emails in a row.

04 / Translation management systems

The workflow your team owns.

Keep translation production, review, and approval in the systems your team already uses.

FIG. T04
ABC
  • TRANSLATIONSFrom linguists
  • REVIEW RECORDSFrom reviewers
  • YOUR REQUIREMENTSOne check fails
  • A
    TRANSLATIONSFrom linguists
  • B
    REVIEW RECORDSFrom reviewers
  • C
    YOUR REQUIREMENTSOne check fails
Three workflow trays stand in order: translation, review and approval. Your team owns all three. An analysis reading lifts above the review tray on dashed guides and lists your requirements as checks. One check is marked red as a finding. The approval tray is green because the decision stays with your team.

05 / Databases

The records your product stores.

Examine translated records next to their source text, in the tables where your product reads them.

FIG. T05
ABC
  • TRANSLATED FIELDSOne column per language
  • PRODUCT CATALOGSChecked where they live
  • SOURCE RECORDSOriginal text per row
  • A
    TRANSLATED FIELDSOne column per language
  • B
    PRODUCT CATALOGSChecked where they live
  • C
    SOURCE RECORDSOriginal text per row
A database table block holds an id column, a source text column and two translated columns. One row lifts out of its slot on dashed guides. In that row, one translated cell is marked red as a finding, and a green bracket links it to its source cell.

06 / API

Send translations from your own tools.

Submit source text and translations from your application for analysis.

FIG. T06
ABCD
  • SOURCE TEXTOriginal passages
  • TRANSLATIONSTarget-language passages
  • ANALYSISInspect both together
  • FINDINGSPassages to review
  • A
    SOURCE TEXTOriginal passages
  • B
    TRANSLATIONSTarget-language passages
  • C
    ANALYSISInspect both together
  • D
    FINDINGSPassages to review
An application submits a source document and a translated document together. Both pass through the same analysis gate, and an aligned result sheet shows which passages need attention.

Lingo.dev in numbers

300M+

Words processed

Languages
100+
Enterprise uptime SLA
99.99%
Model authors
80

02 / CHOOSE DELIBERATELY

Decide what to improve next

Compare quality, reviewer edits, and costs. Decide which providers to use and which problems to address first.

01

Choose the next improvement to test.

Use recurring findings to decide whether to investigate terminology, missing context, or translation instructions.

FIG. D01
ABCDE
  • TERMINOLOGYGlossary and product names
  • MISSING CONTEXTWhat translators did not know
  • TRANSLATION INSTRUCTIONSGuidance sent with the work
  • YOUR NEXT TESTYour team picks one cause to test
  • RECURRING FINDINGSFindings that repeat, grouped by possible cause
  • A
    TERMINOLOGYGlossary and product names
  • B
    MISSING CONTEXTWhat translators did not know
  • C
    TRANSLATION INSTRUCTIONSGuidance sent with the work
  • D
    YOUR NEXT TESTYour team picks one cause to test
  • E
    RECURRING FINDINGSFindings that repeat, grouped by possible cause
Three trays of recurring findings stand in registered slots: terminology, missing context and translation instructions. Your team has lifted the missing context tray out of its slot to investigate next. Its dashed footprint stays on the floor. Each cause leaves its own pattern on the pages: a repeated term, missing details, or work that departs from its instructions. A red mark on every page edge shows the finding recurs.

02

Decide where LLM translation fits.

Compare human and LLM results against your requirements for each language and content type.

FIG. D02
JKLABCDEFGHI
  • LLM
  • Human
  • LLM
  • LLM
  • Human
  • Human
  • LLM
  • LLM
  • LLM
  • DE
  • JA
  • PT
  • INTERFACE
  • MARKETING
  • SUPPORT
  • YOUR REQUIREMENTSPer language and content type
  • LLM TRANSLATION FITSLLM results meet the bar
  • HUMAN TRANSLATION
  • Your team keeps it here
INTERFACEMARKETINGSUPPORT
DEALLMBHumanCLLM
JADLLMEHumanFHuman
PTGLLMHLLMILLM
  • J
    YOUR REQUIREMENTSPer language and content type
  • K
    LLM TRANSLATION FITSLLM results meet the bar
  • L
    HUMAN TRANSLATIONYour team keeps it here
A board of languages by content types sits under your requirements. Cells where LLM results meet the requirement are raised in green and marked LLM; the other cells stay with human translation.

03

Compare translation and review costs.

Weigh quality against recorded translation, review, and correction costs.

FIG. D03
ABC
  • QUALITYYour audit results
  • RECORDED COSTS
  • Translation, review, correction
  • YOUR TEAM WEIGHS BOTH
  • A
    QUALITYYour audit results
  • B
    RECORDED COSTSTranslation, review, correction
  • C
    YOUR TEAM WEIGHS BOTH
A level balance holds quality on one pan and recorded costs on the other: translation, review and correction. The beam stays level, because your team weighs the two sides.

04

Evaluate a translation provider before switching.

Compare candidate and current providers on matched content under your scorecard.

FIG. D04
ABCD
  • MATCHED CONTENT
  • YOUR SCORECARDThe same criteria on both sides
  • CURRENT PROVIDER
  • CANDIDATE PROVIDERYour team compares both first
  • A
    MATCHED CONTENT
  • B
    YOUR SCORECARDThe same criteria on both sides
  • C
    CURRENT PROVIDER
  • D
    CANDIDATE PROVIDERYour team compares both first
Matched content goes to two providers, your current one and a candidate. Each output carries an identical copy of your scorecard, so your team compares them on the same criteria before switching.

05

Make the case for a change.

Show your team how a trial compares with your current process on quality, reviewer edits, and cost.

FIG. D05
ABCDE
  • QUALITY
  • REVIEWER
  • EDITS
  • COST
  • THE TRIALUses the same content
  • YOUR CURRENT PROCESS
  • A
    QUALITY
  • B
    REVIEWEREDITS
  • C
    COST
  • D
    THE TRIALUses the same content
  • E
    YOUR CURRENT PROCESS
A board shows three measures, quality, reviewer edits and cost. Each measure is a pair of columns: your current process and the trial. The heights are illustrative and differ by measure, so your team discusses one comparison.

06

See what reviewers change.

Track how often translations are edited and how much text changes, by language and provider.

FIG. D06
ABDEJAPT
  • DE
  • JA
  • PT
  • HOW MUCH TEXT CHANGESHigher stacks mean more edits
  • YOUR REVIEWERS' EDITSThe report counts edits by language and provider
  • A
    HOW MUCH TEXT CHANGESHigher stacks mean more edits
  • B
    YOUR REVIEWERS' EDITSThe report counts edits by language and provider
One lane per language shows a delivered page with your reviewers' edits marked in green. Beside each page, a stack grows with how much text changed; the Japanese lane has the most edits in this example.

07

Check whether targeted problems recur.

Follow the errors your team addressed through changes to glossaries, instructions, or review processes.

FIG. D07
ABC
  • YOUR TEAM'S CHANGEA glossary, instruction, or review update
  • ONE TARGETED ERROR
  • Findings before the change
  • THE SAME ERROR AFTER ITYour team checks whether it recurs
  • A
    YOUR TEAM'S CHANGEA glossary, instruction, or review update
  • B
    ONE TARGETED ERRORFindings before the change
  • C
    THE SAME ERROR AFTER ITYour team checks whether it recurs
A timeline holds findings of one targeted error type. Your team's change, such as a glossary, instruction or review update, stands across the timeline. Findings stay visible on both sides, so your team can see whether the error recurs.

08

Give providers specific feedback.

Share recurring findings and affected passages when asking a provider to address a quality problem.

FIG. D08
ABC
  • RECURRING FINDINGSThe problem your team wants fixed
  • AFFECTED PASSAGES
  • Every example, with its source
  • YOUR PROVIDERReceives specific evidence
  • A
    RECURRING FINDINGSThe problem your team wants fixed
  • B
    AFFECTED PASSAGESEvery example, with its source
  • C
    YOUR PROVIDERReceives specific evidence
Your team packs recurring findings together with the affected passages into one folder, and sends that folder to the translation provider as specific evidence.

09

Compare language spending with content use.

Use translation spending and readership by language to explain the budget you recommend.

FIG. D09
ABDEJAPTKO
  • DE
  • JA
  • PT
  • KO
  • TRANSLATION SPENDINGWhat each language costs
  • READERSHIPWho reads each language
  • A
    TRANSLATION SPENDINGWhat each language costs
  • B
    READERSHIPWho reads each language
For four languages, translation spending and readership stand side by side as pairs of columns, so your team can explain the budget it recommends language by language. The heights are illustrative.

10

See when your scorecard changed.

Check the criteria and weights behind each report before interpreting changes in scores.

FIG. D10
ABC
  • YOUR SCORECARD CHANGED HERERead scores on each side separately
  • CRITERIA AND WEIGHTSThe version each report used
  • REPORTS IN TIME ORDER
  • A
    YOUR SCORECARD CHANGED HERERead scores on each side separately
  • B
    CRITERIA AND WEIGHTSThe version each report used
  • C
    REPORTS IN TIME ORDER
Reports stand in time order. Above them, two scorecard versions with different criteria weights cover the reports that used them. A green line marks where your scorecard changed, so scores on each side are read separately.

From customer stories

Customers describe working with Lingo.dev.

SoSafeSoSafe
“The knowledge stays with us – what quality looks like, what needs translating, for what audience.”

Annika Palm

Localization Engineer, SoSafe

Read the SoSafe story
Cal.comCal.com
“When we needed adjustments, they delivered fixes faster than I’ve seen from any vendor.”

Keith Williams

Head of Engineering, Cal.com

Read the Cal.com story
PapermarkPapermark
“It was clear they had thought through all the complexities of localization, especially for MDX files which were a particular pain point for us.”

Iuliia Shnai

Founder, Papermark

Read the Papermark story
LaurelLaurel
“We’re in a shared Slack channel with the engineers who actually build the platform.”

Nick Bazley

Staff Product Manager, Laurel

Read the Laurel story
TruelyTruely
“Their co-founder didn’t just understand the problem – she shipped a solution in a couple of days.”

Sebastiaan van Leeuwen

Product Manager, Truely

Read the Truely story
SoSafeSoSafe
“And because of how their team is set up, we talk directly to the engineers building the infrastructure. Edge cases get resolved the same day.”

Max Höffner

Director of Product Engineering, SoSafe

Read the SoSafe story
ScribeScribe
“Lingo.dev gave us a localization engine we run from an API, an MCP, and a CLI, right inside our own stack.”

Clément Champau

CEO and Co-Founder, Scribe

Read the Scribe story
SoSafeSoSafe
“I would recommend revamping the process so the humans employed can actually focus on what matters.”

Sheree Foltin

Content Engineering Teamlead, SoSafe

Read the SoSafe story
JarviJarvi
“We used to constantly worry about keeping translations in sync. Now we just build features, and localization happens automatically.”

Quentin Decré

Co-founder, Jarvi

Read the Jarvi story

03 / EXPLORE THE RESEARCH

Compare LLMs for your languages

Access Lingo.dev's translation benchmarks. Choose the models worth testing on your content.

01

Compare model rankings by language pair.

Find the strongest benchmark results for the source and target languages you translate.

FIG. R01
ABCDEFEN → JAEN → DEFR → ENEN → PT
  • 1 · MODEL CStrongest result for this pair
  • 2 · MODEL A
  • 3 · MODEL D
  • EN → JA
  • EN → DE
  • FR → EN
  • EN → PT
  • YOUR LANGUAGE PAIRThe study ranks models for this pair
  • STUDY CRITERIASet by the published study
  • PUBLISHED STUDYOne ranking per language pair.Each ranking applies only to its pair.
  • A
    1 · MODEL CStrongest result for this pair
  • B
    2 · MODEL A
  • C
    3 · MODEL D
  • D
    YOUR LANGUAGE PAIRThe study ranks models for this pair
  • E
    STUDY CRITERIASet by the published study
  • F
    PUBLISHED STUDYOne ranking per language pair.Each ranking applies only to its pair.
A published study is a base carrying its criteria, with one tile per language pair. The EN to JA tile is selected, and three model layers ranked for that pair float above it. The other pairs keep their own results unopened.

02

Choose candidates for your content type.

Compare model performance on product interfaces, marketing, support, and other studied content.

FIG. R02
ABCD1 · A2 · C3 · B1 · C2 · B3 · A1 · B2 · A3 · C
  • 1 · A
  • 2 · C
  • 3 · B
  • PRODUCT INTERFACES
  • 1 · C
  • 2 · B
  • 3 · A
  • MARKETING
  • 1 · B
  • 2 · A
  • 3 · C
  • SUPPORT
  • ONE RANKING PER TYPEThe model order changes
  • A
    PRODUCT INTERFACES
  • B
    MARKETING
  • C
    SUPPORT
  • D
    ONE RANKING PER TYPEThe model order changes
A published study keeps one ranking per studied content type: product interfaces, marketing and support. Each type carries its own stack of models A, B and C, and the order changes from type to type.

03

Compare quality with model pricing.

See how benchmark results differ between lower-cost and higher-cost models.

FIG. R03
ABCABCD
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • LOWER-COST MODELS
  • HIGHER-COST MODELSEach step costs more
  • BENCHMARK RESULTEach column, one model
  • A
    LOWER-COST MODELS
  • B
    HIGHER-COST MODELSEach step costs more
  • C
    BENCHMARK RESULTEach column, one model
A stepped base rises from lower-cost to higher-cost models. On each step, a column shows that model's benchmark result. The column heights are illustrative and do not rise with every step.

04

Check what a model update changes.

Compare translation quality before and after a model-version change.

FIG. R04
ABCD
  • AFTER THE UPDATEThe new model version
  • BEFORE THE UPDATEThe previous version
  • THE SAME TEST SETThe study compares passages
  • ONE PASSAGE GOT WORSEAnother improved
  • A
    AFTER THE UPDATEThe new model version
  • B
    BEFORE THE UPDATEThe previous version
  • C
    THE SAME TEST SETThe study compares passages
  • D
    ONE PASSAGE GOT WORSEAnother improved
One test set sits on a study base. The translation from the previous model version lies on it, and the translation from the updated version floats above. Changed passages are tied across: one passage improved and one got worse.

05

Learn where each model makes mistakes.

Examine recurring meaning, terminology, and tone errors found in benchmark output.

FIG. R05
ABCDE
  • MEANING ERRORSThe sense changes
  • TERMINOLOGY ERRORSA product term is wrong
  • TONE ERRORSThe tone misses the brand
  • BENCHMARK
  • OUTPUTSFrom one model
  • THE MODEL YOU CHOSE
  • The benchmark shows
  • recurring errors
  • A
    MEANING ERRORSThe sense changes
  • B
    TERMINOLOGY ERRORSA product term is wrong
  • C
    TONE ERRORSThe tone misses the brand
  • D
    BENCHMARKOUTPUTSFrom one model
  • E
    THE MODEL YOU CHOSEThe benchmark showsrecurring errors
Three benchmark outputs from one model are stacked on a study base. The same three kinds of error recur in each: meaning errors, terminology errors and tone errors, each with its own mark.

06

Read the full benchmark reports.

Explore each study's findings, quality criteria, and examples behind the rankings.

FIG. R06
ABCD123
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • FINDINGS
  • What the study found
  • QUALITY CRITERIA
  • How the study judges quality
  • EXAMPLES
  • Passages behind each result
  • RANKING
  • The order the study reports
  • A
    FINDINGSWhat the study found
  • B
    QUALITY CRITERIAHow the study judges quality
  • C
    EXAMPLESPassages behind each result
  • D
    RANKINGThe order the study reports
A benchmark report opens as a rising set of pages. The ranking sits on top, resting on the examples, the quality criteria and the findings beneath it.

07

Compare human and LLM benchmark results.

Examine translations of matched material assessed against shared criteria.

FIG. R07
ABCD
  • HUMAN TRANSLATION
  • LLM TRANSLATION
  • SHARED CRITERIAOne rule for both
  • MATCHED MATERIALThe same source for both
  • A
    HUMAN TRANSLATION
  • B
    LLM TRANSLATION
  • C
    SHARED CRITERIAOne rule for both
  • D
    MATCHED MATERIALThe same source for both
A human translation and an LLM translation of the same matched material lie side by side on a study base. One shared criteria rule spans both, so the study assesses them the same way.

08

See how product context affects translation.

Read studies comparing model output with and without relevant context.

FIG. R08
ABCD
  • PRODUCT CONTEXTTerms, screens, and audience
  • WITHOUT CONTEXT
  • The model guesses a term
  • WITH CONTEXTThe study compares both outputs
  • EMPTY SLOTNo context given
  • A
    PRODUCT CONTEXTTerms, screens, and audience
  • B
    WITHOUT CONTEXTThe model guesses a term
  • C
    WITH CONTEXTThe study compares both outputs
  • D
    EMPTY SLOTNo context given
The same passage is translated twice. One translation has an empty slot and no context, and it misses a term. The other has a product-context card slotted in. The study compares both outputs.

09

Compare reviewer edits across models.

Read studies of how often reviewers change translations and how much wording changes.

FIG. R09
ABCDE
  • MODEL A
  • MODEL B
  • MODEL C
  • EDIT COUNTOne block per reviewer edit
  • REVIEWERS' EDITSHow much wording changes
  • A
    MODEL A
  • B
    MODEL B
  • C
    MODEL C
  • D
    EDIT COUNTOne block per reviewer edit
  • E
    REVIEWERS' EDITSHow much wording changes
The same passage from three models stands side by side, each on its own study plate. Reviewers' edits are struck through, and a row of blocks in front of each counts them, so the study compares how often and how much reviewers changed each model's wording.

10

Check how consistent a model is.

Examine variation across repeated translations and different passages.

FIG. R10
ABC
  • A RUN THAT DIFFERSTwo of five runs change one clause
  • A DIFFERENT PASSAGEFive runs, the same wording
  • FIVE RUNS,
  • ONE MODEL
  • A
    A RUN THAT DIFFERSTwo of five runs change one clause
  • B
    A DIFFERENT PASSAGEFive runs, the same wording
  • C
    FIVE RUNS,ONE MODEL
One passage translated five times by the same model is stacked closely on a study base. Two runs change one clause, which shows through the stack. A different passage beside it keeps the same wording across five runs.

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